Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental condition that presents persistent challenges for education. Improved diagnostic practices and growing awareness have contributed to a rising prevalence, increasing the demand for inclusive and evidence-based educational strategies. Intervention approaches have progressed from structured behavioral models toward developmental frameworks, and more recently, toward technology-enhanced systems that integrate artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, and neurofeedback. These evolving methods have demonstrated varying levels of effectiveness in supporting learning, social communication, and adaptive functioning, yet each retains notable limitations. To address these gaps, an AI-driven personalized adaptive intervention framework is proposed to provide individualized, scalable, and accessible educational support for learners with ASD across diverse contexts.
Keywords
- deep vein thrombosis
- oral contraceptive pills
- awareness
- prevention
- women
References
- Autism Spectrum Disorder - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd.
- Lindsay, S., Proulx, M., Thomson, N. & Scott, H. Educatorsβ Challenges of Including Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mainstream Classrooms. Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ. 60, 347β362 (2013).
- Jaffal, A. & Mohammed. Barriers general education teachers face regarding the inclusion of students with autism. Front. Psychol. 13, (2022).
- Ning, M. et al. Identification and Quantification of Gaps in Access to Autism Resources in the United States: An Infodemiological Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 21, e13094 (2019).
- Hirota, T. & King, B. H. Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review. JAMA 329, 157β168 (2023).
- Giselle. Public Policy. Autism Society https://autismsociety.org/resources/public-policy/.
- CDC. Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) https://www.cdc.gov/autism/data-research/index.html (2025).
- Shaw, K. A. Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years β Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022. MMWR Surveill. Summ. 74, (2025).
- Williams, J. G., Higgins, J. P. T. & Brayne, C. E. G. Systematic review of prevalence studies of autism spectrum disorders. Arch. Dis. Child. 91, 8β15 (2006).
- Salari, N. et al. The global prevalence of autism spectrum disorder: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Ital. J. Pediatr. 48, 112 (2022).
- Lovaas, O. I. Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 55, 3β9 (1987).
- Schopler, E., Mesibov, G. B. & Hearsey, K. Structured Teaching in the TEACCH System. in Learning and Cognition in Autism (eds Schopler, E. & Mesibov, G. B.) 243β268 (Springer US, Boston, MA, 1995). doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1286-2_13.
- Prizant, B. M., Wetherby, A. M., Rubin, E., Laurent, A. C. & Rydell, P. J. The SCERTS Model: A Comprehensive Educational Approach for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Vol. 1. x, 334 (Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Baltimore, MD, US, 2006).
- Kaiser, A. P., Hancock, T. B. & Nietfeld, J. P. The Effects of Parent-Implemented Enhanced Milieu Teaching on the Social Communication of Children Who Have Autism. Early Educ. Dev. 11, 423β46 (2000).
- Dawson, G. et al. Randomized, Controlled Trial of an Intervention for Toddlers with Autism: The Early Start Denver Model. Pediatrics 125, e17βe23 (2010).
- Odom, S. L. et al. Technology-Aided Interventions and Instruction for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 45, 3805β3819 (2015).
- Yun, S.-S., Choi, J., Park, S.-K., Bong, G.-Y. & Yoo, H. Social skills training for children with autism spectrum disorder using a robotic behavioral intervention system. Autism Res. Off. J. Int. Soc. Autism Res. 10, 1306β1323 (2017).
- Lyu, Y. et al. Eggly: Designing Mobile Augmented Reality Neurofeedback Training Games for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 7, 1β29 (2023).
- Zhang, M., Ding, H., Naumceska, M. & Zhang, Y. Virtual Reality Technology as an Educational and Intervention Tool for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Behav. Sci. Basel Switz. 12, 138 (2022).
- (PDF) Piloting an adaptive skills virtual reality intervention for adults with autism: Findings from user-centered formative design and evaluation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351819594_Piloting_an_adaptive_skills_virtual_reality_intervention_for_adults_with_autism_Findings_from_user-centered_formative_design_and_evaluation.
- Fang, M., Abdallah, A. K. & Vorfolomeyeva, O. Collaborative AI-enhanced digital mind-mapping as a tool for stimulating creative thinking in inclusive education for students with neurodevelopmental disorders. BMC Psychol. 12, 488 (2024).